Fine Tuning Parameters for the Universe, according to website http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/designun.html
- strong nuclear force constant
if larger: no hydrogen would form; atomic nuclei for most
life-essential elements would be unstable; thus, no life chemistry
if smaller: no elements heavier than hydrogen would form: again, no
life chemistry - weak nuclear force constant
if larger: too much hydrogen would convert to helium in big bang;
hence, stars would convert too much matter into heavy elements making life
chemistry impossible
if smaller: too little helium would be produced from big bang; hence,
stars would convert too little matter into heavy elements making life
chemistry impossible - gravitational force constant
if larger: stars would be too hot and would burn too rapidly and too
unevenly for life chemistry
if smaller: stars would be too cool to
ignite nuclear fusion; thus, many of the elements needed for life chemistry
would never form - electromagnetic force constant
if greater: chemical bonding would be disrupted; elements more
massive than boron would be unstable to fission
if lesser: chemical bonding would be insufficient for life chemistry - ratio of electromagnetic force constant to gravitational force constant
if larger: all stars would be at least 40% more massive than the sun;
hence, stellar burning would be too brief and too uneven for life support
if
smaller: all stars would be at least 20% less massive than the sun, thus
incapable of producing heavy elements - ratio of electron to proton mass
if larger: chemical bonding would be insufficient for life chemistry
if smaller: same as above - ratio of number of protons to number of electrons
if larger: electromagnetism would dominate gravity, preventing
galaxy, star, and planet formation
if smaller: same as above - expansion rate of the universe
if larger: no galaxies would form
if smaller: universe would
collapse, even before stars formed - entropy level of the universe
if larger: stars would not form within proto-galaxies
if smaller:
no proto-galaxies would form - mass density of the universe
if larger: overabundance of deuterium from big bang would cause stars
to burn rapidly, too rapidly for life to form
if smaller: insufficient helium from big bang would result in a
shortage of heavy elements - velocity of light
if faster: stars would be too luminous for life support if slower:
stars would be insufficiently luminous for life support - age of the universe
if older: no solar-type stars in a stable burning phase would exist
in the right (for life) part of the galaxy
if younger: solar-type stars in a
stable burning phase would not yet have formed - initial uniformity of radiation
if more uniform: stars, star clusters, and galaxies would not have
formed
if less uniform: universe by now would be mostly black holes and
empty space - average distance between galaxies
if larger: star formation late enough in the history of the universe
would be hampered by lack of material
if smaller: gravitational
tug-of-wars would destabilize the sun’s orbit - density of galaxy cluster
if denser: galaxy collisions and mergers would disrupt the sun’s
orbit
if less dense: star formation late enough in the history of the
universe would be hampered by lack of material - average distance between stars
if larger: heavy element density would be too sparse for rocky
planets to form
if smaller: planetary orbits would be too unstable
for life - fine structure constant (describing the fine-structure splitting of
spectral lines) if larger: all stars would be at least 30% less
massive than the sun
if larger than 0.06: matter would be unstable in large magnetic
fields
if smaller: all stars would be at least 80% more massive than the sun - decay rate of protons
if greater: life would be exterminated by the release of radiation
if smaller: universe would contain insufficient matter for life - 12C to 16O nuclear energy level ratio
if larger: universe would contain insufficient oxygen for life
if smaller: universe would contain insufficient carbon for life - ground state energy level for 4He
if larger: universe would contain insufficient carbon and oxygen for
life
if smaller: same as above - decay rate of 8Be
if slower: heavy element fusion would generate catastrophic
explosions in all the stars
if faster: no element heavier than beryllium would form; thus, no
life chemistry - ratio of neutron mass to proton mass
if higher: neutron decay would yield too few neutrons for the
formation of many life-essential elements
if lower: neutron decay would
produce so many neutrons as to collapse all stars into neutron stars or
black holes - initial excess of nucleons over anti-nucleons
if greater: radiation would prohibit planet formation
if lesser:
matter would be insufficient for galaxy or star formation - polarity of the water molecule
if greater: heat of fusion and vaporization would be too high for
life
if smaller: heat of fusion and vaporization would be too low for
life; liquid water would not work as a solvent for life chemistry; ice would
not float, and a runaway freeze-up would result - supernovae eruptions
if too close, too frequent, or too late: radiation would exterminate
life on the planet
if too distant, too infrequent, or too soon: heavy elements would be
too sparse for rocky planets to form - white dwarf binaries
if too few: insufficient fluorine would exist for life chemistry
if too many: planetary orbits would be too unstable for life
if formed too soon: insufficient fluorine production
if formed too late: fluorine would arrive too late for life chemistry - ratio of exotic matter mass to ordinary matter mass
if larger: universe would collapse before solar-type stars could form
if smaller: no galaxies would form - number of effective dimensions in the early universe
if larger: quantum mechanics, gravity, and relativity could not
coexist; thus, life would be impossible
if smaller: same result - number of effective dimensions in the present universe
if smaller: electron, planet, and star orbits would become unstable
if
larger: same result - mass of the neutrino
if smaller: galaxy clusters, galaxies, and stars would not form
if larger: galaxy clusters and galaxies would be too dense - big bang ripples
if smaller: galaxies would not form; universe would expand too
rapidly
if larger: galaxies/galaxy clusters would be too dense for life;
black holes would dominate; universe would collapse before life-site could
form - size of the relativistic dilation factor
if smaller: certain life-essential chemical reactions will not
function properly
if larger: same result - uncertainty magnitude in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
if smaller: oxygen transport to body cells would be too small and
certain life-essential elements would be unstable
if larger: oxygen transport to body cells would be too great and
certain life-essential elements would be unstable - cosmological constant
if larger: universe would expand too quickly to form solar-type stars